Diversidad y flexibilidad metabólica de consorcios nitrificantes y desnitrificantes usados en el tratamiento de aguas residuales
Palavras-chave:
Ciclo del nitrógeno, consorcio, diversidad y flexibilidad metabólica, proceso desnitrificante, proceso nitrificanteResumo
Antecedentes. Los procesos de la nitrificación y desnitrificación forman parte del ciclo biogeoquímico del nitrógeno. Los microorganismos que los llevan a cabo son empleados en los sistemas dedicados al tratamiento de aguas residuales para eliminar un contaminante muy común; el amonio (NH4 +), y liberar nitrógeno molecular (N2 ). Objetivo. Mostrar la diversidad y flexibilidad metabólica de consorcios nitrificantes y desnitrificantes usados en la eliminación de nitrógeno de aguas residuales. Resultados. En estos microorganismos taxonómicamente diversos, las bacterias son las mejor estudiadas. Se las divide y nombra según el proceso principal que realizan. Aunque en realidad gracias a los genes que comparten, pueden presentar una diversidad y flexibilidad metabólica, que las capacita para sobrevivir en condiciones cambiantes y con funciones distintas del proceso que canónicamente se les atribuye. Los genes característicos de estos procesos son empleados como marcadores moleculares en estudios de comunidades. Sin embargo, taxones conocidos canónicamente como nitrificantes pueden tener genes funcionales propios del proceso desnitrificante. Microorganismos catalogados como típicamente desnitrificantes pueden tener genes funcionales del proceso nitrificante. Los consorcios (flóculos, gránulos y biopelículas) empleados en la eliminación de NH4 + son un ejemplo de comunidades que pueden tener capacidades superiores o distintas de las que tienen sus integrantes individualmente. Conclusiones. La presente revisión conjunta información fisiológica, genética y ecológica que contribuye a entender mejor la gran diversidad y flexibilidad metabólica de los consorcios nitrificantes y desnitrificantes. Se destaca que, en los sistemas artificiales, un mayor conocimiento de los taxones participantes, así como de sus relaciones tróficas, metabólicas y de comunicación posibilitaría un mejor control de los procesos nitrificante y desnitrificante para que estos sean más eficientes y estables.
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