Cambios en el uso del suelo afectan la calidad del agua y la concentración de clorofila en arroyos tropicales
Palabras clave:
Arroyos tropicales, deforestación, Grijalva, nutrientes, zona ribereñaResumen
Antecedentes: En el sureste mexicano, la conversión de bosques hacia usos de suelo agrícola y de pastizales experimentada en las últimas décadas puede afectar el funcionamiento de ríos y arroyos. Objetivo: estudiar la influencia del cambio de uso de suelo a diferentes escalas espaciales (cuenca y zona ribereña) sobre la calidad del agua y la clorofila bentónica en arroyos de la sierra de Chiapas y Tabasco. Métodos: Se realizaron muestreos mensuales durante 13 meses para medir las variables fisicoquímicas y recolectar muestras para determinar las concentraciones de nutrientes, sólidos suspendidos y clorofila bentónica en ocho arroyos con diferentes tipos de uso de suelo (bosque, pasto, uso mixto) en la cuenca baja del río Grijalva. Se compararon estadísticamente las variables estudiadas entre categorías de uso de suelo y épocas del año, y se analizó la relación entre calidad de agua y el uso del suelo a diferentes escalas. Resultados: Los arroyos de bosque presentaron menor temperatura, pH, conductividad y concentraciones de fósforo y clorofila, así como mayor concentración de oxígeno y porcentaje de materia orgánica suspendida que los arroyos de pasto y uso mixto. También se observó menor dispersión temporal en los valores de las variables de los arroyos de bosque a lo largo del año. Se encontró que las variaciones en calidad de agua se asocian a variables a escala de cuenca (bosque, pasto y vegetación secundaria) y zona ribereña (pasto y vegetación secundaria). Conclusiones: Cambios en el uso del suelo a escala de cuenca y ribereña pueden afectar la calidad del agua y el funcionamiento de los arroyos en la sierra de Tabasco y Chiapas, por lo que acciones de conservación y restauración, incluyendo reforestación, deben considerar ambas escalas.
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